| Alexandria الإسكندرية (Arabic) al-Eskandariyya Αλεξάνδρεια | |||
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| Nickname(s): Pearl of the Mediterranean | |||
  Alexandria | |||
| Coordinates: 31°12′N 29°55′E | |||
| Country |  Egypt | ||
| Governorates | Alexandria | ||
| Founded | 331 BC | ||
| Government | |||
| - Governor | Adel Labib | ||
| Area | |||
| - Total | 1,034.4 sq mi (2,679 km2) | ||
| Population (2006) | |||
| - Total | 4,110,015 | ||
| CAPMS 2006 Census | |||
| Time zone | EST (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | +3 (UTC) | ||
| Area code(s) | ++3 | ||
| Website | Official website | ||
Alexandria (Arabic: الإسكندرية al-Iskandariyya; Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ Rakotə; Greek: Αλεξάνδρεια Alexandreia; Ancient Greek: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ κατ' Αἴγυπτον Alexandreia e kat Aigypton; Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه [eskendeˈrejːæ]) is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.1 million, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north-central part of the country; it is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast. It is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important tourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez.
In ancient times, Alexandria was one of the most famous cities in the world. It was founded around a small pharaonic town c. 331 BC by Alexander the Great. It remained Egypt's capital for nearly a thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (Fustat was later absorbed into Cairo). Alexandria was known because of its Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its library (the largest library in the ancient world); and the Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. Ongoing maritime archaeology in the harbor of Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealing details of Alexandria both before the arrival of Alexander, when a city named Rhacotis existed there, and during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
From the late 19th century, Alexandria became a major center of the international shipping industry and one of the most important trading centers in the world, both because it profited from the easy overland connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and the lucrative trade in Egyptian cotton.
History
History of Alexandria
Raqd.t (Alexandria)
in hieroglyphs
Alexandria, sphinx made of pink granite, Ptolemaic.
An ancient Roman theatre in Alexandria
Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC as Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia). Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. Alexandria was intended to supersede Naucratis as a Hellenistic center in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley. An Egyptian city, Rhakotis, already existed on the shore, and later gave its name to Alexandria in the Egyptian language (Egyptian *Raˁ-Ḳāṭit, written rˁ-ḳṭy.t, 'That which is built up'). It continued to exist as the Egyptian quarter of the city. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt and never returned to his city. After Alexander's departure, his viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the 
expansion. Following a struggle with the other successors of Alexander, his general Ptolemy succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria.
Although Cleomenes was mainly in charge of overseeing Alexandria's continuous development, the Heptastadion and the mainland quarters seem to have been primarily Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the centrer of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage. In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world and, for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. It became the main Greek city of Egypt, with an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds.
Alexandria was not only a center of Hellenism, but was also home to the largest Jewish community in the world. The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was produced there. The early Ptolemies kept it in order and fostered the development of its museum into the leading Hellenistic center of learning (Library of Alexandria), but were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: Greek, Jewish, and Egyptian. From this division arose much of the later turbulence, which began to manifest itself under Ptolemy Philopater who reigned from 221–204 BC. The reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon from 144–116 BC was marked by purges and civil warfare.
The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 BC, according to the will of Ptolemy Alexander, but only after it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years. It was captured by Julius Caesar in 47 BC during a Roman intervention in the domestic civil war between king Ptolemy XIII and his advisers, and the fabled queen Cleopatra VII. It was finally captured by Octavian, future emperor Augustus on 1 August 30 BC, with the name of the month later being changed to August to commemorate his victory.
In AD 115, vast parts of Alexandria were destroyed during the Greek-Jewish civil wars, which gave Hadrian and his architect, Decriannus, an opportunity to rebuild it. In 215, the emperor Caracalla visited the city and, because of some insulting satires that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms. On 21 July 365, Alexandria was devastated by a tsunami (365 Crete earthquake), an event still annually commemorated seventeen hundred years later as a "day of horror." In the late 4th century, persecution of pagans by newly Christian Romans had reached new levels of intensity. In 391, the Patriarch Theophilus destroyed all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Emperor Theodosius I. The Brucheum and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century. On the mainland, life seemed to have centered in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both of which became Christian churches. The Pharos and Heptastadium quarters, however, remained populous and were left intact.
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| Alexandria: bombardment from British naval forces. |
In 619, Alexandria fell to the Sassanid Persians. Although the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovered it in 629, in 641 the Arabs under the general Amr ibn al-As captured it after a siege that lasted fourteen months.
Alexandria figured prominently in the military operations of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt in 1798. French troops stormed the town on 2 July 1798, and it remained in their hands until the arrival of a British expedition in 1801. The British won a considerable victory over the French at the Battle of Alexandria on 21 March 1801, following which they besieged the town, which fell to them on 2 September 1801. Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, began rebuilding and redevelopment around 1810, and by 1850, Alexandria had returned to something akin to its former glory. In July 1882, the city came under bombardment from British naval forces and was occupied. In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the Lavon Affair. Only a few months later[when?], Alexandria's Mansheyya Square was the site of a failed assassination attempt on Gamal Abdel Nasser.
The most important battles and sieges of Alexandria include:
Siege of Alexandria (47 BC), Caesar's civil war
Battle of Alexandria (30 BC), Final war of the Roman Republic
Siege of Alexandria (619), Byzantine-Persian Wars
Siege of Alexandria (641), Rashidun conquest of Byzantine Egypt
Battle of Alexandria, French Revolutionary Wars
Siege of Alexandria (1801), French Revolutionary Wars
Alexandria expedition of 1807, French Revolutionary Wars
Geography
Climate
Alexandria has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), but the prevailing north wind, blowing across the Mediterranean, gives the city a different climate from the desert hinterland. The city's climate shows Mediterranean (Csa) characteristics, namely mild, variably rainy winters and hot summers that, at times, can be very humid; January and February are the coolest months, with daily maximum temperatures typically ranging from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) and minimum temperatures that could reach 5 °C (41 °F). Alexandria experiences violent storms, rain and sometimes hail during the cooler months. July and August are the hottest and most humid months of the year, with an average daily maximum temperature of 30 °C (86 °F).
Climate data for Alexandria | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.3 (66.7) | 20.9 (69.6) | 24.0 (75.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 28.6 (83.5) | 29.7 (85.5) | 30.4 (86.7) | 29.6 (85.3) | 27.6 (81.7) | 24.1 (75.4) | 20.1 (68.2) | 24.9 (76.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.3 (57.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.6 (70.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.8 (80.2) | 25.5 (77.9) | 22.7 (72.9) | 19.2 (66.6) | 15.4 (59.7) | 20.4 (68.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | 10.8 (51.4) | 13.4 (56.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 22.8 (73) | 23.1 (73.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 17.8 (64) | 14.3 (57.7) | 10.6 (51.1) | 15.8 (60.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 55.2 (2.173) | 29.2 (1.15) | 14.3 (0.563) | 3.6 (0.142) | 1.3 (0.051) | 0.01 (0.0004) | 0.03 (0.0012) | 0.1 (0.004) | 0.8 (0.031) | 9.4 (0.37) | 31.7 (1.248) | 52.7 (2.075) | 201.6 (7.937) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 mm) | 11.0 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 5.4 | 9.5 | 46.92 |
| Sunshine hours | 192.2 | 217.5 | 248.0 | 273.0 | 316.2 | 354.0 | 362.7 | 344.1 | 297.0 | 282.1 | 225.0 | 195.3 | 3,307.1 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN), Hong Kong Observatory for data of sunshine hours | |||||||||||||
Layout of the ancient city
Greek Alexandria was divided into three regions:
Brucheum
the Royal or Greek quarter, forming the most magnificent portion of the city. In Roman times Brucheum was enlarged by the addition of an official quarter, making four regions in all. The city was laid out as a grid of parallel streets, each of which had an attendant subterranean canal;
The Jewish quarter
forming the northeast portion of the city;
Rhakotis
The old city of Rhakotis that had been absorbed into Alexandria. It was occupied chiefly by Egyptians. (from Coptic Rakotə "Alexandria").
Two main streets, lined with colonnades and said to have been each about 60 metres (200 ft) wide, intersected in the center of the city, close to the point where the Sema (or Soma) of Alexander (his Mausoleum) rose. This point is very near the present mosque of Nebi Daniel; and the line of the great East–West "Canopic" street, only slightly diverged from that of the modern Boulevard de Rosette (now Sharia Fouad). Traces of its pavement and canal have been found near the Rosetta Gate, but remnants of streets and canals were exposed in 1899 by German excavators outside the east fortifications, which lie well within the area of the ancient city.
Alexandria consisted originally of little more than the island of Pharos, which was joined to the mainland by a mole nearly a mile long (1260 m) and called the Heptastadion ("seven stadia"—a stadium was a Greek unit of length measuring approximately 180 m). The end of this abutted on the land at the head of the present Grand Square, where the "Moon Gate" rose. All that now lies between that point and the modern "Ras al-Tiin" quarter is built on the silt which gradually widened and obliterated this mole. The Ras al-Tiin quarter represents all that is left of the island of Pharos, the site of the actual lighthouse having been weathered away by the sea. On the east of the mole was the Great Harbor, now an open bay; on the west lay the port of Eunostos, with its inner basin Kibotos, now vastly enlarged to form the modern harbor.
In Strabo's time, (latter half of 1st century BC) the principal buildings were as follows, enumerated as they were to be seen from a ship entering the Great Harbor.
The Royal Palaces, filling the northeast angle of the town and occupying the promontory of Lochias, which shut in the Great Harbor on the east. Lochias (the modern Pharillon) has almost entirely disappeared into the sea, together with the palaces, the "Private Port," and the island of Antirrhodus. There has been a land subsidence here, as throughout the northeast coast of Africa.
The Great Theater, on the modern Hospital Hill near the Ramleh station. This was used by Caesar as a fortress, where he withstood a siege from the city mob after the battle of Pharsalus
The Poseidon, or Temple of the Sea God, close to the theater
The Timonium built by Marc Antony
The Emporium (Exchange)
The Apostases (Magazines)
The Navalia (Docks), lying west of the Timonium, along the seafront as far as the mole
Behind the Emporium rose the Great Caesareum, by which stood the two great obelisks, which become known as “Cleopatra's Needles,” and were transported to New York City and London. This temple became, in time, the Patriarchal Church, though some ancient remains of the temple have been discovered. The actual Caesareum, the parts not eroded by the waves, lies under the houses lining the new seawall.
The Gymnasium and the Palaestra are both inland, near the Boulevard de Rosette in the eastern half of the town; sites unknown.
The Temple of Saturn; site unknown.
The Mausolea of Alexander (Soma) and the Ptolemies in one ring-fence, near the point of intersection of the two main streets.
The Musaeum with its famous Library and theater in the same region; site unknown.
The Serapeum, the most famous of all Alexandrian temples. Strabo tells us that this stood in the west of the city; and recent discoveries go far as to place it near “Pompey's Pillar,” which was an independent monument erected to commemorate Diocletian's siege of the city.
The names of a few other public buildings on the mainland are known, but there is little information as to their actual position. None, however, are as famous as the building that stood on the eastern point of Pharos island. There, The Great Lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, reputed to be 138 meters (450 ft) high, was situated. The first Ptolemy began the project, and the second Ptolemy completed it, at a total cost of 800 talents. It took 12 years to complete and served as a prototype for all later lighthouses in the world. The light was produced by a furnace at the top and the tower was built mostly with solid blocks of limestone. The Pharos lighthouse was destroyed by an earthquake in the 14th century, making it the second longest surviving ancient wonder, after the Great Pyramid of Giza. A temple of Hephaestus also stood on Pharos at the head of the mole.
In the 1st century, the population of Alexandria contained over 180,000 adult male citizens (from a papyrus dated 32 CE), in addition to a large number of freedmen, women, children, and slaves. Estimates of the total population range from 500,000 to over 1,000,000, making it one of the largest cities ever built before the Industrial Revolution and the largest pre-industrial city that was not an imperial capital.
Ancient remains
Due to the constant presence of war in Alexandria in ancient times, very little of the ancient city has survived into the present day. Much of the royal and civic quarters sank beneath the harbor due to earthquake subsidence, and the rest has been built over in modern times.
"Pompey's Pillar", a Roman triumphal column, is one of the best-known ancient monuments still standing in Alexandria today. It is located on Alexandria's ancient acropolis—a modest hill located adjacent to the city's Arab cemetery—and was originally part of a temple colonnade. Including its pedestal, it is 30 m (99 ft) high; the shaft is of polished red granite, 2.7 meters in diameter at the base, tapering to 2.4 meters at the top. The shaft is 88 feet (27 m) high made out of a single piece of granite. This would be 132 cubic meters or approximately 396 tons.] Pompey's Pillar may have been erected using the same methods that were used to erect the ancient obelisks. The Romans had cranes but they were not strong enough to lift something this heavy. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehrner conducted several obelisk erecting experiments including a successful attempt to erect a 25-ton obelisk in 1999. This followed two experiments to erect smaller obelisks and two failed attempts to erect a 25-ton obelisk. The structure was plundered and demolished in the 4th century when a bishop decreed that Paganism must be eradicated. "Pompey's Pillar" is a misnomer, as it has nothing to do with Pompey, having been erected in 293 for Diocletian, possibly in memory of the rebellion of Domitius Domitianus. Beneath the acropolis itself are the subterranean remains of the Serapeum, where the mysteries of the god Serapis were enacted, and whose carved wall niches are believed to have provided overflow storage space for the ancient Library.
Alexandria's catacombs, known as Kom al-Shoqafa, are a short distance southwest of the pillar, consist of a multi-level labyrinth, reached via a large spiral staircase, and featuring dozens of chambers adorned with sculpted pillars, statues, and other syncretic Romano-Egyptian religious symbols, burial niches, and sarcophagi, as well as a large Roman-style banquet room, where memorial meals were conducted by relatives of the deceased. The catacombs were long forgotten by the citizens until they were discovered by accident in the 1800s.
The most extensive ancient excavation currently being conducted in Alexandria is known as Kom al-Dikka. It has revealed the ancient city's well-preserved theater, and the remains of its Roman-era baths.
Antiquities
Persistent efforts have been made to explore the antiquities of Alexandria. Encouragement and help have been given by the local Archaeological Society, and by many individuals, notably Greeks proud of a city which is one of the glories of their national history.
The past and present directors of the museum have been enabled from time to time to carry out systematic excavations whenever opportunity is offered; D. G. Hogarth made tentative researches on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund and the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies in 1895; and a German expedition worked for two years (1898–1899). But two difficulties face the would-be excavator in Alexandria: lack of space for excavation and the underwater location of some areas of interest.
Since the great and growing modern city stands immediately over the ancient one, it is almost impossible to find any considerable space in which to dig, except at enormous cost. Cleopatra VII's royal quarters were inundated by earthquakes and tidal waves, leading to gradual subsidence in the 4th century AD This underwater section, containing many of the most interesting sections of the Hellenistic city, including the palace quarter, was explored in 1992 and is still being extensively investigated by the French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio and his team. It raised a noted head of Caesarion. These are being opened up to tourists, to some controversy. The spaces that are most open are the low grounds to northeast and southwest, where it is practically impossible to get below the Roman strata.
The most important results were those achieved by Dr. G. Botti, late director of the museum, in the neighborhood of “Pompey's Pillar”, where there is a good deal of open ground. Here, substructures of a large building or group of buildings have been exposed, which are perhaps part of the Serapeum. Nearby, immense catacombs and columbaria have been opened which may have been appendages of the temple. These contain one very remarkable vault with curious painted reliefs, now artificially lit and open to visitors.
The objects found in these researches are in the museum, the most notable being a great basalt bull, probably once an object of cult in the Serapeum. Other catacombs and tombs have been opened in Kom al-Shoqqafa (Roman) and Ras al-Tiin (painted).
The German excavation team found remains of a Ptolemaic colonnade and streets in the north-east of the city, but little else. Hogarth explored part of an immense brick structure under the mound of Kom al-Dikka, which may have been part of the Paneum, the Mausolea, or a Roman fortress.
The making of the new foreshore led to the dredging up of remains of the Patriarchal Church; and the foundations of modern buildings are seldom laid without some objects of antiquity being discovered. The wealth underground is doubtlessly immense; but despite all efforts, there is not much for antiquarians to see in Alexandria outside the museum and the neighborhood of “Pompey's Pillar”.
Modern city
Districts
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| Alexandria at night |
Statue of Alexander the Great riding Bucephalus and carrying a winged statue of Nike facing the entrance to the Greek corner of Alexandria and the Ancient Kom al Dikka neighborhood
Modern Alexandria is divided into six districts:
al-Montaza District: population 1,190,287
Sharak (Eastern Alexandria District: population 985,786
Wassat (Central Alexandria) District: population 520,450
al-Amriya District: population 845,845
Agamy (Western Alexandria) District: population 386,374
al-Gomrok District: population 145,558
There are also two cities under the jurisdiction of the Alexandria governorate forming metropolitan Alexandria:
Borg Al-Arab city: population 186,900
New Borg Al-Arab city: population 7,600
Neighbourhoods
Agami, Amreya, Anfoushi, Assafra, Attarine, Azarita (aka Mazarita; originally Lazarette), Bab Sidra, Bahari, Bacchus, Bolkly (Bokla), Burg al-Arab, Camp Shezar, Cleopatra, Dekheila, Downtown, Eastern Harbor, Fleming, Gabbari (aka: Qabbari, Qubbary, Kabbary), Gianaclis, Glym (short for Glymenopoulos), Gumrok (aka al-Gomrok), Hadara, Ibrahimiyya, King Mariout, Kafr Abdu, Karmous, also known as Karmouz, Kom al-Dik (aka Kom al-Dikka), Labban, Laurent, Louran, Maamoura Beach, Maamoura, Mafrouza, Mandara, Manshiyya, Mex, Miami, Montaza, Muharram Bey, Mustafa Kamel, Ramleh (aka al-Raml), Ras al-Tiin, Rushdy, Saba Pasha , San Stefano, Shatby, Schutz, Sidi Bishr, Sidi Gaber, Smouha, Sporting, Stanley, Syouf, Tharwat, Victoria, Wardeyan, Western Harbor and Zizinia.
Squares
(Ahmed) Orabi Square(Mansheya Square), in Downtown
Saad Zaghlul Square, in Downtown
Tahrir Square (formerly Mohammed Ali Square, originally Place des Consuls), in Downtown
Ahmed Zewail Square, near Wabour al-Mayah
===Palaces===
Montaza Palace, in Montaza
Ras al-Tiin Palace, in Ras al-Tiin
Presidential Palace, in Maamoura
Recreational
Montaza Royal Gardens
Antoniades Park
Shallalat Gardens
Alexandria Zoo
Green Plaza
Fantazy Land
Maamoura Beach, Alexandria
Marina Village
City Panorama
Alexandria Museum
Misr Train Station
San Stefano Grand Plaza
El Sawari Column
Stanley Bridge
Montaza Palace
Helnan Palestine hotel
Alexandria Opera House
Religion
Islam
Al-Mursi Abu'l-'Abbas Mosque
Most of the citizens of Alexandria adhere to the religion of Islam. The most famous mosque in Alexandria is El-Mursi Abul Abbas Mosque in Bahary. Other notable mosques in the city include Ali ibn Abi Talib mosque in Somouha, Bilal mosque, al-Gamaa al-Bahari in Mandara, Hatem mosque in Somouha, Hoda el-Islam mosque in Sidi Bishr, al-Mowasah mosque in Hadara, Sharq al-Madina mosque in Miami, al-Shohadaa mosque in Mostafa Kamel, Qaed Ibrahim mosque, Yehia mosque in Zizinia, Sidi Gaber mosque in Sidi Gaber, and Sultan mosque.
Christianity
Latin Catholic church of Saint Catherine in Mansheya.
Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue
After Rome, Alexandria was considered the major seat of Christianity in the world. The Pope of Alexandria was the second among equals, second only to the bishop of Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire until 430. The Church of Alexandria had jurisdiction over the entire continent of Africa. After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, the Church of Alexandria was split between the Miaphysites and the Melkites. The Miaphysites went on to constitute what is known today as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The Melkites went on the constitute what is known today as the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. In the 19th century, Catholic and Protestant missionaries converted some of the adherents of the Orthodox churches to their respective faiths.
Today, the patriarchal seat of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church is Saint Mark Cathedral in Ramleh. The most important Coptic Orthodox churches in Alexandria include Pope Cyril I Church in Cleopatra, Saint Georges Church in Sporting, Saint Mark & Pope Peter I Church in Sidi Bishr, Saint Mary Church in Assafra, Saint Mary Church in Gianaclis, Saint Mina Church in Fleming, Saint Mina Church in Mandara, and Saint Tekle Haymanot Church in Ibrahimeya.
The most important Greek Orthodox churches in Alexandria are Saint Anargyri Church, Church of the Annunciation, Saint Anthony Church, Archangels Gabriel & Michael Church, Saint Catherine Church, Cathedral of the Dormition in Mansheya, Church of the Dormition, Prophet Elijah Church, Saint Georges Church, Church of the Immaculate Conception in Ibrahemeya, Saint Joseph Church in Fleming, Saint Joseph of Arimathea Church, Saint Mark & Saint Nectarios Chapel in Ramleh, Saint Nicholas Church, Saint Paraskevi[disambiguation needed] Church, Saint Sava Cathedral in Ramleh, and Saint Theodore Chapel. In communion with the Greek Orthodox Church is the Russian Orthodox church of Saint Alexander Nevsky in Alexandria, which serves the Russian speaking community in the city.
Churches that follow the Latin Catholic rite include Saint Catherine Church in Mansheya and Church of the Jesuits in Cleopatra.
The Saint Mark Church in Shatby, found as part of Collège Saint Marc is multi-denominational and hold liturgies according to Latin Catholic, Coptic Catholic and Coptic Orthodox rites.
Judaism
Alexandria's once-flourishing Jewish community is now almost extinct after the Arab nationalist movement spurred most to leave for Israel, France, Brazil and other countries in the 1950s and 1960s. The community once numbered 50,000 but is now estimated at below 50. The most important synagogue in Alexandria is the Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue.
Education
Collège Saint Marc
Colleges and universities
Alexandria has a number of higher education institutions. Alexandria University is a public university that follows the Egyptian system of higher education. Many of its faculties are internationally renowned, most notably its faculty of engineering. In addition, the Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport is a semi-private educational institution that offers courses for high school , undergraduate level students , postgraduate. It is considered the most reputable university in Egypt after the AUC American University in Cairo because of its worldwide recognition from (board of engineers at UK & ABET in USA). Université Senghor is a private French university that focuses on the teaching of humanities, politics and international relations, which mainly targets students from the African continent. Other institutions of higher education in Alexandria include Alexandria Institute of Technology (AIT) and Pharos University in Alexandria.
Schools
Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide
Lycée Al-Horreya, Alexandria
Alexandria has a long history of foreign educational institutions. The first foreign schools date to the early 19th century, when French missionaries began establishing French charitable schools to educate the Egyptians. Today, the most important French schools in Alexandria run by Catholic missionaries include Collège de la Mère de Dieu, Collège Notre Dame de Sion, Collège Saint Marc, Ecoles des Soeurs Franciscaines (four different schools), Ecole Gérard, Ecole Saint Gabriel, Ecole Saint-Vincent de Paul, Ecole saint joseph , Ecole Sainte Catherine, and Institution Sainte Jeanne-Antide. As a reaction to the establishment of French religious institutions, a secular (laic) mission established Lycée el-Horreya, which initially followed a French system of education, but is currently a public school run by the Egyptian government. The only school in Alexandria that completely follows the French educational system is Ecole Champollion. It is usually frequented by the children of French expatriates and diplomats in Alexandria.
English schools in Alexandria are fewer in number and more recently established, in comparison with the French schools. The most important English language schools in the city include Alexandria American School, British School of Alexandria, Egyptian American School, Modern American School, Taymour English School (TES), Sacred Heart Girls' School (SHS), Schutz American School, Victoria College,
El Manar Language School for Girls (M.E.G.S) previously called (Scottish School for Girls), Kaumeya Language School (KLS), El Nasr Boys' School (EBS), and El Nasr Girls' College (EGC). Most of these schools have been nationalized during the era of Nasser, and are currently Egyptian public schools run by the Egyptian ministry of education.
The only German school in Alexandria is the Deutsche Schule der Borromärinnen (DSB of Saint Charles Borromé).
The Montessori educational system was first introduced in Alexandria in 2009 at Alexandria Montessori.
N.B: The most notable public schools in Alexandria include , AlAbasseia High School, Gamal Abdel Nasser High School and EL Manar English language School for girls.
Transport
Alexandria tram
Inside Misr Station
Double decker bus
Alexandria harbour.
Airports
Alexandria is served by Borg al Arab Airport located about 25 km away from city centre.
In March 2010, the former airport, Alexandria International Airport was closed to commercial operations with all airlines operating out of Borg al Arab Airport where a brand new terminal was completed in February 2010.
Highways
The International coastal road. (Alexandria - Port Said)
The Desert road. (Alexandria - Cairo /220 km 6-8 lanes, mostly lit)
The Agricultural road. (Alexandria - Cairo)
The Circular road. the turnpike
Ta'ameer Road "Mehwar El-Ta'ameer" - (Alexandria - North Coast)
Train
Alexandria's intracity commuter rail system extends from Misr Station (Alexandria's primary intercity railway station) to Abu Qir, parallel to the tram line. The commuter line's locomotives operate on diesel, as opposed to the overhead-electric tram.
Alexandria plays host to two intercity rail stations: the aforementioned Misr Station (in the older Manshia district in the western part of the city) and Sidi Gaber Station (in the district of Sidi Gaber in the center of the eastern expansion in which most Alexandrines reside), both of which also serve the commuter rail line. Intercity passenger service is operated by Egyptian National Railways.
Tram
Alexandria Tram
An extensive tramway network was built in 1860 and is the oldest in Africa.
Other means of public transport
Public buses are operated by Alexandria Governorate's Agency for Public Passenger Transport. Transport by private share taxis, called masharī` (Arabic: مشريع, singular mashrū` مشروع) is also common, they are also referred to as Micro Buses (12 seat minibus). Saloon car taxis are yellow and black and you have to negotiate a price before getting in. There are NO metered taxis in Alexandria.
Modern air conditioned red double-decker buses run the length of the Couriche. Fare (any distance) is 3 L.E. (Egyptian Pound) (£0.33), (0.39€), ($0.52) (January 2011).
Port
Alexandria Port
The port is divided into:
The Eastern Harbour
The Western Harbour
Culture
Libraries
The Bibliotheca Alexandrina
The Bibliotheca Alexandrina, a modern project based on reviving the ancient Library of Alexandria.
The Royal Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the world. It is generally thought to have been founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BCE, during the reign of Ptolemy II of Egypt. It was likely created after his father had built what would become the first part of the Library complex, the temple of the Muses—the Museion, Greek Μουσείον (from which the modern English word museum is derived).
It has been reasonably established that the Library, or parts of the collection, were destroyed by fire on a number of occasions (library fires were common and replacement of handwritten manuscripts was very difficult, expensive, and time-consuming). To this day the details of the destruction (or destructions) remain a lively source of controversy. The Bibliotheca Alexandrina was inaugurated in 2003 near the site of the old Library.
Museums
Alexandria Aquarium
The Alexandria National Museum
The Graeco-Roman Museum
Royal Jewelry Museum
The Museum of Fine Arts
The Cavafy museum
The Alexandria National Museum was inaugurated 31 December 2003. It is located in a restored Italian style palace in Tariq Al-Horreya Street (former Rue Fouad), near the centre of the city. It contains about 1,800 artifacts that narrate the story of Alexandria and Egypt. Most of these pieces came from other Egyptian museums.
The museum is housed in the old Al-Saad Bassili Pasha Palace, who was one of the wealthiest wood merchants in Alexandria. Construction on the site was first undertaken in 1926.
Related words
al-Iskandariyya(h) (الإسكندرية) (noun) (formal): Refers to the city of "Alexandria", used in formal texts and speech. Its Egyptian Arabic equivalent is Eskenderreya or Iskindereyya(h). Iskandariyya(h) and Eskendereyya(h) are different in pronunciation, though they have the same spelling when written in Arabic. In Modern Standard Arabic, Iskandariyya(h) always takes the definite article al-, whereas in Egyptian Arabic, Eskendereyya(h) either never takes al- or is elided into the main word, depending on one's linguistic opinion, although the effect is the same. The optional h at the end of both of them is called a ta' marbuta which is not usually pronounced, but is always written.
"Alex" (noun): Natives of both Alexandria and Cairo who have a certain knowledge of English refer to Alexandria as "Alex", especially informally.
Eskandarany (اسكندراني): The adjectival form in Egyptian Arabic, meaning "from Alexandria" or "native Alexandrian" (masc.). The feminine form of Eskandarany is Eskandaraneyya(h) (اسكندرانية)). The plural form is also Eskandaraneyya(h). Its equivalent in Modern Standard Arabic is Iskandariyy (إسكندري), plural Iskandarīūn (إسكندريون).
Sports
Alexandria Stadium
The main sport that interests Alexandrians is football, as is the case in the rest of Egypt and Africa. Alexandria Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Alexandria, Egypt. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and was used for the 2006 African Cup of Nations. The stadium is the oldest stadium in Egypt and Africa, being built in 1929. The stadium holds 20,000 people. Alexandria was one of three cities that participated in hosting the African Cup of Nations in January 2006, which Egypt won. Sea sports such as surfing, jet-skiing and water polo are practised on a lower scale.
Alexandria has four stadiums:
Borg El Arab Stadium
Harras El-Hedoud Stadium
Alexandria Stadium
El-Krom Stadium
Other less popular sports like tennis and squash are usually played in private social and sports clubs, like:
Alexandria Sporting Club - in "Sporting"
Alexandria Country club
El-Ittihad El-Iskandary Club
El-Olympi Club
Koroum Club
Haras El Hodood Club
Lagoon Resort Courts
Smouha SC - in "Smouha"
There is also the Alexandria weekly cycling carnival, Organized by Cycle Egypt
Cycle Egypt: A group of people who want to keep our country clean and tidy, we cycle in the streets, we use our bicycles in our everyday life instead of cars. Bicycles do not pollute the atmosphere, and they help getting rid of traffic jams in the streets, its also a good sport for people who want to be keep in good health. We organize weekly rides. We gather in large groups, some times more than 200 Persons, boys and girls, cycling together. Join us to make our beautiful country better . Also this group has bike ride every Friday, Cycling amateurs gather every Friday morning to cycle along the corniche from al-Montazah to al-Qalaa, or to Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Literature
Two writers loom large over the modern literature of Alexandria: C.P. Cavafy, the Alexandria-born Greek poet, and the Indian-born Englishman Lawrence Durrell, author of The Alexandria Quartet. Cavafy incorporated Greek history and mythology and his homosexuality into his poetry. Durrell used the cosmopolitan city as a landscape to explore human desires. Naguib Mahfouz's Miramar is the best known of the Arabic novels set in Alexandria. In the 2000s, writers such as Jon Courtenay Grimwood, Ki Longfellow, and Keith Miller have used Alexandria as a setting for speculative fiction.
Novels
Unreal City (1952) by Robert Liddell.
Academic Year (1955, set in late 1940s) by D.J. Enright.
The Alexandria Quartet (1957–60, set in 1930s) by Lawrence Durrell.
The Bat (part of the Drifting Cities trilogy) (1965, set in 1943-44) by Stratis Tsirkas.
Miramar (1967) by Naguib Mahfouz.
The Danger Tree (1977, set in 1942, partly in Alexandria) by Olivia Manning.
The Beacon at Alexandria (1986, set in 4th century) by Gillian Bradshaw.
City of Saffron (tr. 1989, set in 1930s) by Edwar Al-Kharrat.
Girls of Alexandria (tr. 1993, set in 1930s and '40s) by Edwar Al-Kharrat.
The Alexandria Semaphore (1994) by Robert Solé.
The House over the Catacombs (1993) and the Song of the Soul (1997) by George Leonardos.
No One Sleeps in Alexandria (1996, set during World War II) by Ibrahim Abdel Meguid.
Pashazade (2001) alternate history by Jon Courtenay Grimwood.
The Alexander Cipher (2007) by Will Adams.
Flow Down Like Silver, Hypatia of Alexandria (2009) by Ki Longfellow.
The Book on Fire (2009, urban fantasy) by Keith Miller.
Alexandria (2009, historical crime, set in AD77) by Lindsey Davis.
History
Alexandria: A History and a Guide (1922; numerous reprints) by E.M. Forster.
Alexandria: City of Memory (Yale University Press, 2004) by Michael Haag.
Vintage Alexandria: Photographs of the City 1860-1960 (The American University in Cairo Press, 2008) by Michael Haag.
Memoirs
Out of Egypt (1994; describes family history in Alexandria) by André Aciman.
Farewell to Alexandria (tr. 2004) Harry E. Tzalas.
Game
Final Fantasy IX (PSX) "In story The Major of city Alexandria on Final Fantasy IX has Princess "Garnet" at here
Songs
Songs in French:
Alexandrie by Georges Moustaki.
Alexandrie, Alexandra by Claude François.
Songs in Greek:
Alexandrinos by Yannis Kotsiras.
Songs in Arabic:
Shat Eskendereya by Fairouz.
been shateen we maya by Mohamed Kandil.
Ahsan Nas by Dalida.
Leil Eskendereya by Moustafa Amar.
Ya Wad Ya Eskandarany by Moustafa Amar.
Ya Eskendereya by Mohamed Mounir (lyrics by Ahmed Fouad Negm).
Ayouh by Natasha
Songs in English:
Alexandria by Kamelot
Alexandra Leaving by Leonard Cohen, based on a poem by Constantine P. Cavafy.
Songs in different languages:
Ya Mustafa reproduced Dario Moreno, Bob Azzam and many others - lyrics in Arabic, French and Italian
Tourism
Alexandria is a main summer resort and tourist attraction, due to its public and private beaches and ancient history and Museums, especially the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, based on reviving the ancient Library of Alexandria.
Notable people
Ahmed Ramzy (Egyptian actor)
Alypius (4th century BCE) Greek writer on music
Alexander the Great (founder)
Alexander Iolas (1907–1987) Greek art collector
André Aciman (American writer)
Antonis Benakis (1873–1954) Greek art collector
Apollos (1st century, Acts 8:24) Early Christian Evangelist
Arius (4th century) who sparked the Arian controversy
Pope Athanasius the Apostolic (Champion of Christianity)
Chaeremon of Alexandria (Stoic philosopher and grammarian)
Ptolemy I Soter (Egyptian Ruler) Started the Ptolemaic Dynasty
Cleopatra VII (Egyptian Ruler)
Constantine P. Cavafy (1863–1933) Greek poet
Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century) Greek monk, geographer and writer
Demis Roussos (Greek singer)
Eric Hobsbawm (British historian)
Euclid (Mathematician)
Farida of Egypt (Former Queen of Egypt)
Farouk Hosny (Egyptian Minister of Culture)
Princess Fawzia (Egyptian princess)
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Italian poet and artist, founder of Futurism)
Georges Moustaki (Greek-French singer and composer)
George Leonardos (Greek Journalist and author)
Gideon Gechtman (Israeli sculptor)
Giuseppe Ungaretti (Italian poet)
Haim Saban (American billionaire)
Hend Rostom (Egyptian actress)
Hypatia (4th-5th century CE) Greek philosopher
Jacob Querido (Jewish/Muslim Mystic)
Jean Desses (1904–1970) Greek fashion designer
Konstantinos Parthenis (1878–1967) (Greek painter)
Bayram Al-Tunsi (Egyptian poet)
Michael Habashy (Computer Genius)
Mohammad Moustafa Haddara( Egyptian Scholar)
Mohamed Al Fayed (Egyptian businessman)
Moustafa Amar (Egyptian singer)
Nikos Tsiforos (Greek screenwriter and film director)
Origen (Greek Christian Scholar)
Omar Sharif (Egyptian actor)
Pappus (4th century CE) Hellenized Egyptian Mathematician
Philo (20 BCE – 50 CE) Hellenistic Jewish philosopher
Penelope Delta (1874–1941) Greek author
Rudolf Hess (German deputy fuhrer of the Nazi Party)
Sayed Darwish (Egyptian music composer)
Tawfiq al-Hakeem (Egyptian writer)
Youssef Chahine (Egyptian film director)
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Alexandria is twinned with:
Bratislava in Slovakia
Odessa in Ukraine
Cleveland in United States
Constanţa in Romania
Kazanlak in Bulgaria
Durban in South Africa
Thessaloniki in Greece
St. Petersburg in Russia
Shanghai in China
Kanpur in India
Baltimore in United States
Kuching in Malaysia
(source:wikipedia)
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